Past Tense কাকে বলে?
Past Tense refers to a tense used to describe actions, events, or states that have already occurred in the past. In Bengali, Past Tense is called “অতীত কাল”.
Past Tense হলো একটি কাল বা সময়, যা অতীতে ঘটে যাওয়া কোনো ঘটনা, কর্ম, বা অবস্থা প্রকাশ করার জন্য ব্যবহৃত হয়। বাংলায় Past Tense-কে “অতীত কাল” বলা হয়।
For example:
- I went to school. (The action of going to school happened in the past.)
- He read a book yesterday. (He completed the action of reading a book yesterday.)
Past Tense এর প্রকারভেদ
Past tense is classified into four categories.
- Past Indefinite Tense
- Past Continuous Tense
- Past Perfect Tense
- Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Indefinite Tense (Simple Past Tense)
Past Indefinite Tense (বা Simple Past Tense) হলো এমন একটি কাল, যা অতীতে কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সময়ে ঘটে যাওয়া সম্পূর্ণ কর্ম বা ঘটনা বোঝায়। এই কালে কর্মটি সম্পন্ন হয়ে গেছে, এবং এর সঙ্গে কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের উল্লেখ থাকতেও পারে, নাও থাকতে পারে।
Past Indefinite Tense refers to actions that happened and were completed in the past without focusing on the duration or the exact time when the action happened.
বাংলায় চেনার উপায়: Past Indefinite Tense সাধারণত সেই ঘটনা বা কর্ম বোঝায়, যা অতীতে সম্পন্ন হয়েছে। এ ক্ষেত্রে বাংলায় ক্রিয়াপদে “-লাম, -লে, -ল” ইত্যাদি যোগ হয়।
Example:
- আমি স্কুলে গেলাম। (I went to school.)
- সে সিনেমা দেখল। (He watched a movie.)
Structure of the Sentence:
- Affirmative: Subject + verb (past form) + object
- Example: He played football.
- Negative: Subject + did not + base form of the verb + object
- Example: He did not play football.
- Interrogative: Did + subject + base form of the verb + object?
- Example: Did he play football?
Positive sentence:
Subject + past form of verb + object.
Example:
- He bought a book
- They went to the shopping mall.
- I revised the lesson.
Negative sentence:
Subject + did + not + present form of the verb + object.
Example:
- He did not eat rice.
- They did not laugh at the poor.
- I did not go to the market.
Interrogative sentence:
Did + subject + present form of the verb + object + note of interrogation (?)
Example:
- Did you eat rice?
- Did you come home?
- Did they finish the work?
Past indefinite tense with was/were:
Positive sentence:
Subject + was/were + object.
Example:
- I was at school.
- He did the work.
- You were in Thailand.
Note: I/he/she/it এবং subject যদি singular number হয় তাহলে was বসে, you/they/we এবং subject যদি plural number হয় তাহলে were বসে।
Negative sentence:
Subject + was not/were not + object.
Example:
- He was not happy with me.
- You were not in Chittagong.
- She was not sick.
Interrogative sentence:
Was/were + subject + object + note of interrogation (?)
Example:
- Were you in Africa?
- Was she sick?
- Were you my friend?
Past Continuous Tense
Past Continuous Tense হলো এমন একটি কাল, যা বোঝায় যে কোনো কাজ বা ঘটনা অতীতে নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের মধ্যে চলছিল। এটি বোঝায় যে কর্মটি অতীতে কোনো এক সময়ে চলমান ছিল, কিন্তু তা তখন সম্পন্ন হয়নি।
Past Continuous Tense describes actions that were ongoing at a specific moment in the past. The action may or may not have been completed.
বাংলায় চেনার উপায়: Past Continuous Tense এমন একটি কাজ বোঝায় যা অতীতে কিছু সময় ধরে চলছিল। বাংলায় এ ক্ষেত্রে ক্রিয়াপদে “ছিলাম, ছিলে, ছিল” ইত্যাদি যোগ হয়।
Example:
- আমি বই পড়ছিলাম। (I was reading a book.)
- তারা খেলছিল। (They were playing.)
Structure of the Sentence:
- Affirmative: Subject + was/were + verb (base + ing) + object
- Example: He was playing football.
- Negative: Subject + was/were + not + verb (base + ing) + object
- Example: He was not playing football.
- Interrogative: Was/Were + subject + verb (base + ing) + object?
- Example: Was he playing football?
Positive sentence:
Subject + was/were + present form of the verb + ing + object.
Example:
- He was singing a song.
- They were walking together.
- You were talking like a teacher.
Note: Subject first and third person singular হলে was বসবে। You/we/they এবং অন্যান্য plural subject এর শেষে were বসবে।
Negative sentence:
Subject + was not/were not + present form of the verb + ing + object.
Example:
- I was not taking tea.
- He was not teaching English.
- They were reading in the classroom.
Interrogative sentence:
- Was/were + subject + present form of the verb + ing + object + note of interrogation (?)
Example:
- Was he reading the book?
- Were they traveling to Chittagong?
- Was she singing the song?
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense হলো এমন একটি কাল, যা বোঝায় যে একটি কাজ অতীতে আরেকটি কাজের আগে সম্পন্ন হয়েছে। অর্থাৎ, দুটি কাজের মধ্যে একটি আগে সম্পন্ন হয়েছে, আরেকটি পরে।
Past Perfect Tense describes an action that was completed before another action or a specific time in the past.
বাংলায় চেনার উপায়: Past Perfect Tense বোঝায় যে অতীতে একটি কাজ আরেকটি কাজের আগে সম্পন্ন হয়েছিল। এ ক্ষেত্রে বাংলায় ক্রিয়াপদে “ছিলাম, ছিলে, ছিল” বা “করে ফেলেছিল” ইত্যাদি যোগ হয়।
Example:
- আমি খাওয়ার আগে পড়া শেষ করেছিলাম। (I had finished reading before eating.)
- তারা স্কুলে পৌঁছানোর আগেই বাস চলে গিয়েছিল। (The bus had left before they reached school.)
Structure of the Sentence:
- Affirmative: Subject + had + past participle of the verb + object
- Example: He had played football.
- Negative: Subject + had not + past participle of the verb + object
- Example: He had not played football.
- Interrogative: Had + subject + past participle of the verb + object?
- Example: Had he played football?
Positive sentence:
Structure 1:
Subject + had + past participle form of the verb + object.
Structure 2:
1st Subject + had + past participle form of the verb + object (if any) + before + 2nd subject + past form of the verb + 2nd object
Structure 3:
2nd subject + past form of the verb + 2nd object (if any)+ after+1st Subject + had + past participle form of the verb
Example:
- He had done this assignment last week. (1st structure)
- The students had stood up before the teacher came.
- The patient died after the doctor had come.
Negative sentence:
Subject + had not + past participle form of verb + object.
Example:
- I had not watched the movie.
- He had not reached the station.
- They had not told me anything before the viva started.
Interrogative sentence:
Yes/no sentence: Had + subject + past participle form of the verb + object +?
‘Wh’ question: Wh-word + had + past participle form of the verb + object +?
Example:
- Had you finished the work before his presentation?
- Had he caught the cat before she drank the milk?
- Why had you broken the glass?
- What had you done before I came home?
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense হলো এমন একটি কাল, যা বোঝায় যে কোনো কাজ অতীতে শুরু হয়েছিল এবং কিছু সময় ধরে চলছিল, এবং তা আরেকটি কাজের আগে হয়ত শেষ হয়েছিল বা চলছিল।
Past Perfect Continuous Tense refers to an action that started in the past, continued for a certain period, and was still ongoing or had just been completed before another action in the past.
বাংলায় চেনার উপায়: Past Perfect Continuous Tense বোঝায় যে অতীতে কোন কাজ একটি নির্দিষ্ট সময় ধরে চলছিল এবং আরেকটি কাজের আগে শেষ বা চলমান ছিল। এ ক্ষেত্রে বাংলায় ক্রিয়াপদে “ছিলাম, ছিলে, ছিল” এবং “করছিলাম” বা “করে আসছিলাম” ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার হয়।
Example:
- আমি দুই ঘন্টা ধরে পড়ছিলাম। (I had been reading for two hours.)
- তারা অনেকক্ষণ ধরে অপেক্ষা করছিল। (They had been waiting for a long time.)
Structure of the Sentence:
- Affirmative: Subject + had been + verb (base + ing) + object
- Example: He had been playing football for two hours.
- Negative: Subject + had not been + verb (base + ing) + object
- Example: He had not been playing football for two hours.
- Interrogative: Had + subject + been + verb (base + ing) + object?
- Example: Had he been playing football for two hours?
Positive sentence:
Structure 1:
Subject + had been + present form of verb + ing + object + time reference
Structure 2:
1st subject + had been + present form of verb + ing + 1st object + 2nd subject + verb এর past form + 2nd object.
Example:
- He had been working in a non-government organization since 1997.
- They had been gossiping for two hours.
- He had been playing cricket before the bell rang.
- I had been watching the movie before you came.
Negative sentence:
Subject + had not been + present form of the verb + ing + object + time reference.
Example:
- He had not been working in a non-government organization since 1997.
- He had not been doing his assignment since 10 o’clock.
- They had not been eating lunch for two months.
Interrogative sentence:
Had + subject + been + present form of the verb + ing + object + time reference +?
Example:
- Had he been walking since morning?
- Had you been helping the poor since 2009?
- Had they been playing cricket for six years?
This is a brief overview of Past Tense or “অতীত কাল”.