Present Tense বা বর্তমান কাল কাকে বলে? এর প্রকারভেদ এবং গঠন

Tense বা কাল কাকে বলে?

Tense refers to the form of a verb that indicates the time when an action takes place—whether in the past, present, or future. It helps in understanding when an event or action occurred.

Tense বা কাল হলো ক্রিয়া বা কাজের সময় নির্দেশ করার একটি উপায়। এটি নির্দেশ করে কাজটি কখন ঘটেছে — অতীতে (Past), বর্তমানে (Present), বা ভবিষ্যতে (Future)।
কাল তিন প্রকারের হয়:

Tense এর প্রকারভেদ:

There are three types of Tenses:

1. Present Tense (বর্তমান কাল): যখন কাজটি বর্তমানে ঘটছে।
   Example: “I go to school.”
2. Past Tense (অতীত কাল): যখন কাজটি অতীতে ঘটেছে।
   Example: “I went to school.”
3. Future Tense (ভবিষ্যৎ কাল): যখন কাজটি ভবিষ্যতে ঘটবে।
   Example: “I will go to school.”

Tense ক্রিয়া বা বাক্যের সময় নির্দেশ করতে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করে।

Present Tense কাকে বলে?

Present Tense refers to a verb that indicates actions happening in the present or habitual actions. It is used when an action is occurring now or happens regularly.

Present Tense বা বর্তমান কাল হলো এমন একটি ক্রিয়া (verb) যা বর্তমানে ঘটে চলা বা অভ্যাসগত কাজকে নির্দেশ করে। যখন কোনো কাজ এখন বা নিয়মিতভাবে ঘটে, তখন Present Tense ব্যবহৃত হয়।

উদাহরণ:
“আমি স্কুলে যাই।” (I go to school.)
“আমি এখন পড়ছি।” (I am reading now.)
“আমি খেয়েছি।” (I have eaten.)
“আমি এক ঘণ্টা ধরে পড়ছি।” (I have been reading for an hour.)

Present Tense এর প্রকারভেদ:

1. Simple Present: সাধারণ ঘটনা বা অভ্যাস বোঝাতে।
2. Present Continuous: চলমান কাজ বোঝাতে।
3. Present Perfect: ইতোমধ্যে ঘটে যাওয়া কাজ বোঝাতে।
4. Present Perfect Continuous: কিছুক্ষণ ধরে চলমান কাজ বোঝাতে।

Present Tense সাধারণত বর্তমানে ঘটমান বা অভ্যাসগত কাজ বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

1. Present Indefinite Tense:

Present Indefinite Tense (Simple Present) এমন একটি কাল যা অভ্যাস, সাধারণ সত্য, বা নিয়মিত ঘটে এমন কাজ বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

বাংলায় চেনার উপায়: ক্রিয়ার শেষে সাধারণত “যাই”, “করো”, “থাকে” ইত্যাদি থাকে।

Structure:

• Positive: Subject + Verb (base form) + Object
• Negative: Subject + do/does + not + Verb + Object
• Question: Do/Does + Subject + Verb + Object?

Examples:

English: “He eats rice.”

Positive Sentence:

Structure: Subject + main verb + complement

• If the subject is a third person singular (he, she, it, or singular noun), an ‘s’, ‘es’, or ‘ies’ is added to the main verb. For plural subjects, no such addition is made.

Examples:

• I write a letter. (using the root form ‘write’)
• She writes a letter. (since ‘she’ is third person singular, we add ‘s’)

Negative Sentence:

Structure: Subject + do not/does not + main verb + object

• For singular subjects (he, she, it, singular nouns), use does not.
• For plural subjects (I, we, they, plural nouns), use do not.

Examples:

• Positive: I drive a car.
  Negative: I do not drive a car.
• Positive: He drives a car.
  Negative: He does not drive a car.

Question Sentence:

Structure: Do/Does + Subject + main verb + object + ?

• Use Does with singular subjects (he, she, it).
• Use Do with plural subjects (I, we, they).

Examples:

• Positive: She runs every day.
  Question: Does she run every day?
• Positive: We enjoy the movie.
  Question: Do we enjoy the movie?

Using Be Verb (am/is/are):

Structure: Subject + be verb (am/is/are) + complement

• Am is used with ‘I’.
• Is is used with third person singular subjects (he, she, it).
• Are is used with plural subjects (we, you, they).

Examples:

• I am a teacher.
• He is a doctor.
• They are happy.

Negative Sentence:

Structure: Subject + am not/is not/are not + complement

Examples:

• Positive: I am a student.
  Negative: I am not a student.
• Positive: It is a sunny day.
  Negative: It is not a sunny day.

Interrogative Sentence:

Structure: Am/Is/Are + Subject + complement + ?

Examples:

• Positive: I am your friend.
  Question: Am I your friend?
• Positive: They are here.
  Question: Are they here?

2. Present Continuous Tense:

Present Continuous Tense চলমান কাজ বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয় যা বর্তমানে ঘটছে।

বাংলায় চেনার উপায়: ক্রিয়ার শেষে “ছি”, “ছে”, “ছি” ইত্যাদি থাকে।

Structure:

• Positive: Subject + am/is/are + Verb(+ing) + Object
• Negative: Subject + am/is/are + not + Verb(+ing) + Object
• Question: Am/Is/Are + Subject + Verb(+ing) + Object?

Examples:

English: “I am reading a book.”

Positive Sentence:

Structure:
Subject + am/is/are + main verb + ing + object

Examples:

• I am reading a book.
• She is writing a letter.
• They are swimming in the pool.
• We are preparing for the exam tonight. (near future)

Note:

• Use am with “I”, is with singular subjects like he, she, it, and are with plural subjects like we, you, they.

Negative Sentence:

Structure:
Subject + am/is/are + not + main verb + ing + object

Examples:

• He is not watching TV.
• I am not studying today.
• They are not cooking dinner.

Note:
Add not after am/is/are to form a negative sentence.

Interrogative Sentence:

Structure:
Am/is/are + subject + main verb + ing + object + ?

Examples:

• Am I writing an email?
• Is she painting the wall?
• Are we attending the meeting?

3. Present Perfect Tense:

Present Perfect Tense এমন কাজ বোঝায় যা সম্প্রতি সম্পন্ন হয়েছে, কিন্তু এর প্রভাব এখনো বিদ্যমান।

বাংলায় চেনার উপায়: ক্রিয়ার শেষে “এছি”, “এছে”, ইত্যাদি থাকে।

Structure:

• Positive: Subject + have/has + Past Participle of Verb + Object
• Negative: Subject + have/has + not + Past Participle of Verb + Object
• Question: Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle of Verb + Object?

Examples:

She has finished her work.

Positive Sentence:

Structure:
Subject + have/has + past participle form of verb + object

Examples:

• She has written a novel.
• We have visited the museum.
• He has completed the assignment.

Note:
Use has with third-person singular subjects (he, she, it), and have with plural subjects or I/we/they/you.

Negative Sentence:

Structure:
Subject + have/has + not + past participle form of verb + object

Examples:

• She has not read the book.
• They have not finished their homework.
• I have not seen the movie.

Interrogative Sentence:

Structure:
Have/Has + subject + past participle form of verb + object + ?

Examples:

• Has she baked the cake?
• Have they traveled abroad?
• Have you completed the project?

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

Present Perfect Continuous Tense বোঝায় যে কোনো কাজ কিছু সময় ধরে চলছে এবং এখনও চলছে।

বাংলায় চেনার উপায়: ক্রিয়ার শেষে “ছি”, “ছে”, ইত্যাদি থাকে এবং “দেখে আসছি”, “করছে” ধরনের সংযোগ থাকে।

Structure:

• Positive: Subject + have/has + been + Verb(+ing) + Object
• Negative: Subject + have/has + not + been + Verb(+ing) + Object
• Question: Have/Has + Subject + been + Verb(+ing) + Object?

Examples:

They have been playing for two hours.

Positive Sentence:

Structure:
Subject + have been/has been + main verb + ing + since/from/for + object

Examples:

• She has been practicing piano for three hours.
• We have been traveling since last week.
• He has been working on the project since 10 am.

Negative Sentence:

Structure:
Subject + have not/has not + been + main verb + ing + since/from/for + object

Examples:

• She has not been studying for the exam.
• They have not been cooking for two hours.
• He has not been exercising since morning.

Interrogative Sentence:

Structure:
Have/Has + subject + been + main verb + ing + since/for (if needed) + object + ?

Examples:

• Has she been practicing piano for three hours?
• Have they been playing football since noon?
• Has it been snowing since yesterday?